If you are citing a direct quotation from a film, you can use the time stamp in place of a page number within the in-text citation.
Director, A. A. (Director). (Year). Title of video [Film]. Production Company.
Bier, S. (Director). (2018). Bird box[Film]. Netflix; Chris Morgan Productions; Dylan Clark Productions.
(Bier, 2018, 16:30)
Guggenheim, D. (Director). (2006). An inconvenient truth [Film]. Lawrence Bender Productions; Participant Productions.
(Guggenheim, 2006, 23:13)
Haggis, P. (Director). (2004). Crash [Film; director's cut on DVD]. Bob Yari Productions; DEJ Productions; Blackfriars Bridge; Harris Company; ApolloProScreen Productions; Bull's Eye Entertainment.
(Haggis, 2004)
Note: If the edition of the film you used is important, such as a special extended edition, include that in the brackets.
Source: Publication Manual, 10.12 (examples 84-85); Film and Television References [APA Style]
The library databases Films on Demand and Academic Video Online (Alexander Street) may contain different types of videos, including full films and television episodes. You may not be able to identify a director for a video; begin with the title in that case. Identify as many of the components as you are able.
Director, A. A. (Director). (Year). Title of video [Film]. Production Company.
Title of video [Film]. (Year). Production Company.
My brain and I [Film]. (2012). ORF.
(My Brain, 2012)
Title of episode (Season X, Episode X) [TV series episode]. (Year). In Title of series. Production Company.
The Vikings, from Paris to Normandy (Season 3) [TV series episode]. (2019). In Butterfly effect. Balanga.
("The Vikings," 2019)
Publication Manual, 10.2 (example 84)
Use this for videos posted on websites or blogs, such as YouTube, TED, a news website, etc. If you are citing a direct quotation from a video, you can use the time stamp in place of a page number within the in-text citation (see Example 1).
Author, A. A. [username]. (Year, Month Day). Title of video [Video]. Website. http://xxxxx
Jones, P. [patrickJMT]. (2009, October 24). Easily memorize the unit circle [Video]. YouTube. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=03McKEg9ASA
(Jones, 2009, 1:15)
Vercamath. (2011, July 25). Parallel universes explained [Video]. YouTube. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GWaB3SksOQU
(Vercamath, 2011)
Gavagan, E. (2012, April). A story about knots and surgeons [Video]. TED Conferences. https://www.ted.com/talks/ed_gavagan_a_story_about_knots_and_surgeons
(Gavagan, 2012)
TED. (2016, August 30). Suzanne Simard: How trees talk to each other [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Un2yBgIAxYs
(TED, 2016)
Note: If citing from the TED website, list the speaker as the author. If citing from YouTube, list TED (or the account) as the author and include the speaker's name in the title.
Sources: Publication Manual, 9.8 and 10.12 (examples 88 and 90); YouTube Video References; TED Talk References [APA Style]
Writer, A. A. (Writer), & Director, B. B. (Director). (Year, Month Day). Title of episode (Season X, Episode X) [TV series episode]. In C. C. Executive Producer (Executive Producer), Title of tv show. Production Company.
Moffat, S. (Writer) & Macdonald, H. (Director). (2007, June 9). Blink (Season 3, Episode 10) [TV series episode]. In R. T. Davies (Executive Producer), Doctor who. BBC Studios.
(Moffat & Macdonald, 2007)
Source: Publication Manual, 10.12 (example 87); Film and Television References [APA Style]
Only cite an interview if it is retrievable. If it is a personal interview that is not able to be accessed by the reader, follow the guidelines for personal communication.
Interviewee, A. A. (Year, month day interviewed). Title of interview [Interview]. Website. http://xxxxx
Miller, C. (2019, October 7). Chanel Miller - Turning her pain into a rallying cry with Know My Name - Extended interview [Interview]. Comedy Central. http://www.cc.com/video-clips/58th1c/the-daily-show-with-trevor-noah-chanel-miller---turning-her-pain-into-a-rallying-cry-with--know-my-name----extended-interview
(Miller, 2019)
Source: Publication Manual, 10.13 (example 95)
Artist, A. A. (Year). Title of song [Song]. On Title of album. Label. (Original work published Year).
Artist, A. A. (Year). Title of album [Album]. Label. (Original work published Year).
Destiny's Child. (1999). Say my name [Song]. On The writing's on the wall. Columbia.
(Destiny's Child, 1999, 0:43)
Joel, B. (1978). 52nd street. Columbia.
(Joel, 1978)
Sources: Publication Manual, 10.13 (examples 91-92)
Composer, A. A., & Librettist, B. B. (Year). Title of score [Type of Score]. Website. http://xxxxx (Original work published XXXX)
Beethoven, L. van. (1810). Fur Elise [Musical score]. 8Notes. http://www.8notes.com/scores/571.asp?ftype=gif
(Beethoven, 1810)
Source: Musical Score References [APA Style]
Host, A. A. (Host). (Year, Month Day). Episode title (No. XX) [Audio podcast episode]. In Title of podcast. Production Company. http://xxxxx
Mars, R. (Host). (2019, September 30). The help-yourself city (No. 375) [Audio podcast episode]. In 99% invisible. Radiotopia. https://99percentinvisible.org/episode/the-help-yourself-city/
(Mars, 2019)
You may also cite the transcript of a podcast episode.
Vedantam, S. (2019, July 22). Facts aren't enough: The psychology of false beliefs [Audio podcast transcript]. In Hidden brain. NPR. https://www.npr.org/transcripts/743195213
(Vedantam, 2019)
Source: Publication Manual, 10.13 (examples 93-94); Transcript of an Audiovisual Work References [APA Style]
It is preferable to locate a speech in a retrievable source (e.g. in a book, website, video, etc.), and then cite that source.
Safire, W. (Ed.). (1997). Lend me your ears: Great speeches in history. W.W. Norton.
(Safire, 1997)
King, M. J., Jr. (n.d.). The I have a dream speech [Speech transcript]. The U.S. Constitution Online. http://www.usconstitution.net/dream.html (Original work published 1963)
(King, n.d.)
Nobel Prize. (2020, January 10). Malala Yousafzai: Nobel Peace Prize lecture 2014 [Video]. YouTube. https://youtu.be/c2DHzlkUI6s
(Nobel Prize, 2020)
Manschreck, C. L. (1971). My conscience is bound by the word of God. Vital Speeches of the Day, 37(17), 540–545.
(Manschreck, 1971)
King, M. L., Jr. (1963, August 28). I have a dream [Speech audio recording]. American Rhetoric. https://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/mlkihaveadream.htm
(King, 1963)
Source: Publication Manual, 10.13 (example 96); Transcript of an Audiovisual Work References [APA Style]
Author, A. or ScreenName. (Year, Month Day). Title of blog post. Blog Title. http://xxxxx
Please note that for blogs, the post title is formatted normally and the blog title is italicized.
Headsman. (2020, June 4). 1718: A horse thief and two travelers, "the worst rideing that I ever rid". ExecutedToday.com. http://www.executedtoday.com/2018/06/04/1718-a-horse-thief-and-two-travelers-the-worst-rideing-that-ever-i-rid/
(Headsman, 2020)
Harrison, J. (2019, April 4). Sam Smith & the sociology of body shaming. Sociological Images. https://thesocietypages.org/socimages/2019/04/04/sam-smith-the-sociology-of-body-shaming/
(Harrison, 2019)
Source: Publication Manual, 10.1 (example 17); Blog Post and Blog Comment References [APA Style]
Author. (n.d.). Home [Facebook page]. Facebook. Retrieved Month Day, Year, from http://xxxxx
NOVA Libraries. (n.d.). Home [Facebook page]. Facebook. Retrieved June 16, 2020, from https://www.facebook.com/NOVALibraries
(NOVA Libraries, n.d.)
If you cite a particular post, you must cite it in the References page; you can follow the example and guidelines below.
Author. (Year, Month Day). Text of Facebook post, up to 20 words [Image attached] [Status update/Video/Infographic/Image]. Facebook. http://xxxxx
NOVA Libraries. (2020, April 22). Happy #NationalLibraryWeek, Nighthawks! We'd like to share with you a lovely resource from Stimola Live. [Thumbnail link attached] [Status update]. Facebook. https://www.facebook.com/302457873133144/posts/3026460827399488/
(NOVA Libraries, 2020)
Source: Publication Manual, 10.15 (examples 105-106); Facebook References [APA Style]
Author, A. A. [@username]. (Year, Month Day). Text of caption [Photograph(s)/Video(s)]. Instagram. http://xxxxx
NOVA Libraries [@novalibraries]. (2020, June 15). Happy Pride from all of us at the #MECCampus library! We see you, you belong here. [Photograph]. Instagram. https://www.instagram.com/p/CBdctnrpFEQ
(NOVA Libraries, 2020)
Source: Publication Manual 10.15 (examples 107-108); Instagram References [APA Style]
If the author's real name is known, put that first and enclose the screen name in brackets.
e.g. Obama, B. [PresidentObama].
If the author's real name is unknown, provide the username without brackets.
e.g. no-tea.
Include the title of the post up to the first 20 words.
Author, A. A. [username]. (date). Title of post up to first 20 words [Online forum post]. Forum name. http://xxxxx
no-tea. (2018, January 16). Why do American high schools and universities use the nomenclature "freshman, sophomore, junior, senior" instead of, e.g., 1st-year, 2nd-year, etc.? [Online forum post]. Reddit. https://redd.it/7qujn5k
Obama, B. [PresidentObama]. (2012, August 29). I am Barack Obama, president of the United States -- AMA [Online forum post]. Reddit. https://redd.it/z1c9z
Author, A. A. [username]. (date). Title of post up to first 20 words [Comment on the online forum post Full title of the post]. Forum name. http://linktocomment
FifthSurprise. (2012, August 29). What was the most difficult decision that you had to make during this term? [Comment on the online forum post I am Barack Obama, president of the United States -- AMA]. Reddit. https://www.reddit.com/r/IAmA/comments/z1c9z/i_am_barack_obama_president_of_the_united_states/c60mmg8/
Source: Publication Manual, 10.15 (example 109); Online forum references [APA Style]
Author, A. A. [@TikTokusername]. (date). First 20 words of the caption [Video]. TikTok. http://xxxxx
Ramsay, G. [@gordonramsayofficial]. (2020, August 24). That Monday feeling....right ??? Hopefully your day isn’t a hot sauce in your eye kind of day 😜 #fyp #backatwork [Video]. TikTok. https://www.tiktok.com/@gordonramsayofficial/video/6864603985794305285
Author, A. A. [@TikTokusername]. (n.d.). First 20 words of the description [TikTok profile]. TikTok. Retrieved month, day, year, from http://xxxxx
Author, A. A. [@gordonramsayofficial]. (n.d.). I cook sometimes too..... [TikTok profile]. TikTok. Retrieved September 21, 2020, from https://www.tiktok.com/@gordonramsayofficial
Source: TikTok References [APA Style]
Author, A. A. [@twittername]. (n.d.). Tweets [Twitter profile]. Retrieved Month Day, Year, from http://xxxxx
Tyson, N. G. [@neiltyson]. (n.d.). Tweets [Twitter profile]. Twitter. Retrieved October 8, 2019, from https://twitter.com/neiltyson
(Tyson, 2019)
If you cite a particular post ('tweet'), you must cite it in the References page; you can follow the example and guidelines below.
Author, A. A. [@twittername]. (Year, Month Day). Full text of tweet [Image attached/Thumbnail with link attached/etc] [Tweet]. Twitter. http://xxxxx
Obama, B. [@BarackObama]. (2009, July 15). Launched American Graduation Initiative to help additional 5 mill. Americans graduate college by 2020: http://bit.ly/gcTX7 [Tweet]. Twitter. http://twitter.com/BarackObama/status/2651151366
(Obama, 2009)
National Aeronautics and Space Administration [@NASA]. (2020, June 15). Mark the date: spacewalks coming soon. Watch and @AstroBehnken venure outside the @Space_Station to finish upgrading our orbital lab's power channels: https://go.nasa.gov/3hslna5 [Image attached] [Tweet]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/NASA/status/1272560249350881284
First Citation: (National Aeronautics and Space Administration [NASA], 2020)
Subsequent Citations: (NASA, 2020)
Source: Publication Manual 10.15 (examples 103-104); Twitter References [APA Style]
You may also need to include an image attribution if reproducing the image in your paper; see Figures & Images.
Artist, A. A. (Year). Title of work [Medium: Painting, sculpture, etc.]. Museum Name, Museum City, Country.
Garrity, Sallie E. (1893). Ida B. Wells-Barnett [Photograph]. National Portrait Gallery, Washington, DC., United States.
You may also need to include an image attribution if reproducing the image in your paper; see Figures & Images.
Artist, A.A. (Year). Title of work [Painting, sculpture, etc.]. Museum Name, Museum City, Country. http://xxxxx
Bacon, Peggy. (1934). Dorothy Parker [Drawing]. National Portrait Gallery, Washington, DC., United States. https://npg.si.edu/object/npg_NPG.96.5.
You may also need to include an image attribution if reproducing the image in your paper; see Figures & Images.
Creator, A.A. (Year). Title of work [Infographic]. Website. http://xxxxx
National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases. (2013, February 6). Protect babies from whopping cough [Infographic]. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/parents/infographics/protect-babies-from-whooping-cough.html
You may also need to include an image attribution if reproducing the image in your paper; see Figures & Images.
Author (Year). Title of image [Photograph]. Website. http://xxxxx
Science in HD. (n.d.). Living large [Photograph]. Unsplash. https://unsplash.com/photos/te465W47_b8
(Science in HD, n.d.)
Source: Clip Art or Stock Image References [APA Style]
APA Style Team. (2020, March 19). What's new in the seventh edition publication manual. APA Style Blog. https://apastyle.apa.org/blog/whats-new-7e
Myers, M., Paiz, J., Angeli, E., Wagner, J., Lawrick, E., Moore, K., Anderson, M.,…Keck, R. (2019, December 20). General format. Purdue Online Writing Lab. https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_formatting_and_style_guide/general_format.html
Selander, E. (2018). Formatting your paper. APA 7 Citation Style Guide. https://libguides.nvcc.edu/APACitationStyle